| Alpha-Gal Syndrome: A Food Allergy Linked to Mammalian Products |
| Paper ID : 1094-IPCA5 |
| Authors |
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Maryam Ghaderi-Ghahfarokhi *, Mehdi Zarei Department of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, PO Box 61355-145, Ahvaz, Iran |
| Abstract |
| Alpha-Gal Syndrome (AGS) is a unique, potentially life-threatening food allergy triggered by exposure to the carbohydrate galactose-α-1,3-galactose (alpha-gal), found in mammalian meat and derived products. AGS typically develops following a tick bite, most commonly from the Lone Star Tick (Amblyomma americanum) in the United States, or other tick species globally. The tick transfers alpha-gal into the bloodstream, prompting the immune system to produce specific IgE antibodies. Subsequent consumption of mammalian meat—such as beef, pork, lamb, venison—or products containing alpha-gal, including dairy and gelatin, can cause allergic reactions ranging from mild symptoms like hives to severe anaphylaxis. Reactions are delayed, often occurring 2–10 hours after exposure, complicating diagnosis and management. The prevalence of AGS has increased significantly since its identification in 2009, with over 110,000 suspected cases reported in the U.S. between 2010 and 2022. However, actual numbers may be higher due to underreporting and misdiagnosis. AGS is not limited to the U.S.; cases have been identified in Europe, Asia, and Australia. Risk factors include geographic distribution of ticks and repeated tick bites, which can sustain or elevate IgE antibody levels against alpha-gal. Management of AGS involves strict avoidance of mammalian meat and products containing alpha-gal. Non-mammalian foods such as poultry, fish, fruits, vegetables, and eggs are safe alternatives. Some individuals may also need to avoid medications or medical products derived from mammals, including gelatin-based capsules or certain vaccines. Over time, IgE antibody levels may decline in individuals who avoid further tick bites, potentially allowing some to tolerate mammalian products again. Despite advancements in understanding AGS, challenges remain in food safety due to the widespread presence of alpha-gal in processed foods and non-food items. Continued research is essential for improving diagnostic methods and developing preventive strategies against tick bites. Public awareness campaigns emphasizing tick prevention measures are crucial for reducing AGS incidence globally. |
| Keywords |
| Alpha-Gal Syndrome, Lone Star Tick, Meat product, Dairy product |
| Status: Abstract Accepted |
